The anxiety and worry are accompanied by at least three of the following physical or cognitive symptoms (In children, only one of these symptoms is necessary for a diagnosis of GAD):.
The worry in both adults and children may easily shift from one topic to another. The worry is experienced as very challenging to control.Worry occurs more often than not for at least six months and is clearly excessive. The presence of excessive anxiety and worry about a variety of topics, events, or activities.Finally, we discuss the potential of miRNAs for therapeutic applications in clinical oncology.When assessing for GAD, clinical professionals are looking for the following: Extending this concept, our hypothetical model that extracellular miRNAs may function as a signaling molecule in a crosstalk between cancer cells and their surrounding cells is presented. Further, we focus on secretory machinery of miRNAs and share new evidence suggesting that extracellular miRNAs can play biological roles beyond mere biomarkers. Second topic is extracellular miRNAs as biomarkers for cancer classification and prediction. In this literature, the significance of miRNAs in tumor initiation and development is first reviewed. These characteristics of miRNAs have created extensive interest in tapping into them for diagnosis and prognosis as well as drug discovery in cancer therapy. The aberrant expressions of miRNAs are observed not only in tumor lesions but also in plasma and serum of cancer patients. These dysregulations occur through a variety of mechanisms, such as genetic alterations, epigenetic repression or altered expression of transcription factors which target miRNAs. Recent studies have shown that many kinds of miRNAs act as oncomirs or tumor suppressors in tumors where the miRNA genes are up- or down- regulated, respectively. Head, Section for Studies on Metastasis, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1, Tsukiji, 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.,JapanĪbstract: Over the past several years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified as a fine-tuner in a wide array of biological processes, including development, cell growth and metabolism.Title: Versatile Applications of microRNA in Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery: From Therapeutics to BiomarkersĪuthor(s): Haruhisa Iguchi, Nobuyoshi Kosaka and Takahiro Ochiya Keywords: microRNA, cancer, dysregulated expression, biomarker, secretion, microRNA based drug, tumor initiation, Caenorhabditis elegans, RISC, Exosomes, MVB, ESCRT, melanoma, Cancer Pathogenesis, QRT-PCR, northern blotting, B-CLL, metastasis, miR-10b, metastamir, Oncomir, Acute Myelogenous Leukemia, Myelodysplastic Syndrome, hepatocellular carcinoma, ovarian cancer, urothelial carcinoma, LAST2, DLBCL, NOD/SCID, Trizol, mirVana, Isogen-LS, Ceramide, apoptosis, sphingomyelin, sphingomyelinases, Alix, Tim, TLRs, Drosophila miRNAs, Argonaute-1, COMP, miRCURY LNA arrays, Microfluidic Primer Extension Assay, MPEA, anti-cancer drugs, radiotherapy, therapeutic antibody Finally, we discuss the potential of miRNAs for therapeutic applications in clinical oncology. Over the past several years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified as a fine-tuner in a wide array of biological processes, including development, cell growth and metabolism.
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